8-16课简答题

8课和16课是重点

Lesson 8

  • What’s the function of pressurization system? Which areas of the aircraft need pressurization system?
  • Pressurization system 增压系统 is very important to big aircraft. Because big aircraft will cruise in very high altitude 巡航高度很高. In high altitude, the air density is thin 空气密度小. People cannot breathe 不能呼吸 in high altitude. Pressurization system can provide a comfortable flight environment 提供舒适的飞行环境 to people on board. 
  • The aircraft can be pressurized in the flight deck, cabin and cargo compartment. 
  • What are the possible reasons for depressurization?
  • There are some possible reasons for depressurization.
  • First, outflow valve malfunction may cause depressurization.
  • Second, air conditioning （pack）problems may cause depressurization.
  • Third, bleed air leak may cause depressurization.
  • Fourth, structural damage such as damage to the doors or windows or windshield may cause depressurization.
  • What are the possible consequences of depressurization?
  • There are many possible consequences of depressurization.

首先，气温骤降、大雾和能见度降低。

  • First,there are sudden temperature drop, fog and reduced visibility.

飞行员可能因缺氧而失能。

  • The pilots may be incapacitated due to lack of oxygen.

乘客可能会感到不舒服、受伤甚至丧命。

  • The passengers may feel uncomfortable, get injured or even lose their lives.

松散的物体会四处飞舞。

  • The loose objects will fly about

增压会影响与ATC的通信，因为氧气面罩内使用麦克风会导致无线电传输不良。.

  • Pressurization will affect communication with ATC because radio transmission will be poor owing to use of microphone within oxygen mask.
  • What will you do if you encounter depressurization during flight?
  • If I encounter the rapid depressurization 快失压, I will put on the oxygen mask 带上氧气面罩, try my best to control the aircraft 控制好飞机.
  • Second, I will report our situation and intention to ATC, , request immediate descent to minimum safe altitude 申请紧急下降到最低安全高度 and request priority landing 申请优先着陆
  • Third, we will make a PA(Passenger Announcement) to inform cabin crew and passengers that we will make emergency descent.(注意拼写）
  • Forth, we will complete the emergency checklist. 
  • Finally,request emergency landing and emergency services
  •  紧急下降的措施（以下要点也可回答失压的措施）：（此处是要点，需要完整的句子作答）

戴上氧气面罩

  • Don oxygen masks

与机组沟通

  • Establish crew communication

与客舱乘务员沟通，确定（是否）有结构损坏

  • Communicate with cabin crew to determine structural damages

完成机长广播

  • Make passenger announcement

执行标准检查单（建议使用自动驾驶和自动推力）

  • Execute SOP (A/P and autothrust are recommended)

告知管制员

  • Inform ATC

把应答机调到7700

  • Set transponder 7700
  • What are the possible reasons for cabin fire?
  • （答案一）
  • Cabin fires generally result from one of three sources: careless smoking on the part of the pilot and/or passengers; electrical system malfunctions; heating system malfunctions.
  • （答案二）
  • There are some reasons for smoke in the flight deck.
  •  First, the electrical circuit 电路 short cut 短路
  • Second, the passengers smoke in the cabin.
  • Third,the lightning strike 电击 damage the avionics bay 电子元件舱.
  •  What will you do if the cabin is on fire?
  • If I encounter 遭遇 this situation, I will control the aircraft 控制好飞机, and ask the copilot to check the source of the smoke 让副驾驶检查烟的来源.
  •  I will ask the flight attendant to control the situation in the cabin, use fire extinguishers to put out the fire.
  • If the smoke is severe 严重, I will put on the oxygen mask 带上氧气面罩, report this situation to ATC 报告空管 and request priority landing 申请优先落地. 
  • I will make an emergency evacuation in time and in order after landing.
  • What are the possible reasons for smoke in the cockpit?
  • What will you do if there is smoke in the cockpit?(答案与着火类似）

Lesson 9

  • What kind of communication equipment is there on the aircraft? Give some examples.

Transmitter 发射机/ Receiver 接收机/ Transceiver 收发机

  • What will you do if you encounter communication failure during flight?

（此处只是要点，考试请用完整的句子作答）

拨7600，表明通讯故障

  • squawk 7600 to indicate we have communication failure

遵循最后的ATC指令

  • follow the last ATC instruction

遵循SOP，并执行相应的检查表

  • follow SOP, and do the corresponding checklist

如果可能，切换到紧急频率121.5

  • if possible, switch to emergency frequency 121.5

尝试盲发

  • try blind transmission
  • What kind of navigation aids do pilots often use during flight? Give some examples and explain their advantages.（此答案只是要点，考试请用完整的句子作答）
  • During flight, we often use VOR, NDB, ILS ，GPS，ADF，INS and so on.
  • VOR approach is non-precision approach and it can provide only the lateral guidance while ILS approach is precision approach and it can provide both lateral guidance and vertical guidance.
  • There are some advantages of modern satellite navigation.It can provide precision guidance to the aircraft all over the world.It can provide precision guidance to the aircraft in all weather conditions.It is more accurate than conventional navigation.It is more reliable than conventional navigation.
  • What will you do  if you get lost during flight?

如果我们在飞行中迷航，我们将靠基础导航飞行，然后，我们要报告管制我们的情况，请求雷达引导。如果可能，我们可能参考地标。

  • If we get lost in flight, we will fly with basic navigation system, then we will report our situation to ATC and request radar vectors. If possible, we will check the landmarks.

如果情况变得危险，请用紧急频率121.5 发送情况，并将应答器设置为7700。

  • If the situation becomes threatening, transmit the situation on the emergency frequency 121.5  and set the transponder to 7700.

Lesson 10

  • Do you think weight and balance is important? Why?
  • Weight and balance are critical to the safe operation of an aircraft
  • They have a direct effect on the stability and performance of the aircraft.
  • What problems may be caused by overloading an aircraft?/What are the consequences caused by overloading?

(只是要点，请选取部分用完整的句子作答）

  • 起飞速度增加，导致起飞滑跑距离延长
  • Takeoff speed increases,resulting in a longer takeoff run
  • 爬升速度和角度均减小
  • Both the rate and angle of climb are reduced
  • 巡航速度降低
  • The cruising speed is reduced
  • 总航程会减少
  • The overall range is shortened
  • 可操作性/机动性降低
  • Maneuverability is decreased
  • 由于需要更大的降落速度，导致了需要更长的降落滑跑。
  • A longer landing roll will be required because the landing speed will be higher
  • 结构和起落架需要承载更高的载荷
  • The structure and landing gear are required to carry higher loads
  • What is contaminated runway?
  • In civil aviation, a contaminated runway is one that is covered in a relatively deep layer of water, slush, loose snow, ice or compacted  snow.
  • What would be the possible consequences of contaminated runway?
  • A contaminated runway would considerably increase the overall takeoff roll.
  • In addition, the presence of  contaminants can also affect severely the ground-handling capability of the aircraft, particularly in cross-wind conditions.
  • Do you think preflight preparation is important? What do you often do in preflight preparation?
  • There are many things we often do during preflight preparation.
  • First, we will get the weather information and airport information such as departure airport, destination airport and alternate airport.
  • Second, we will calculate fuel consumption, weight and balance.
  • Third, we will make and file the flight plan.
  • Fourth, we will make preflight briefing.
  • Fifth, we will make preflight inspection to ensure the aircraft meets MEL requirement（最低设备清单需求）.
  • We will walk around the aircraft to check the engines, the landing gear, the flight control surfaces, the fuel and so on.
  • Then will have the cockpit check.

Lesson 11

  • What factors may affect takeoff speed?
  • The takeoff speed required varies with air density, aircraft gross weight, and aircraft configuration.
  • Air density is affected by factors such as field elevation and air temperature.
  • Under what situations will you reject takeoff?
  • There are some possible reasons for rejected takeoff.
  • First, if we encounter engine problems such as engine failure or engine fire, we will reject takeoff.
  • Second, if we have landing gear problems such as burst tyre, we will abort takeoff.
  • Third, if there is runway incursion（跑道入侵）, vehicle crossing runway, we will abort takeoff.
  • What will you do if you decide to reject takeoff?
  • As captain, I will take immediate actions to stop the aircraft on the runway.
  • First, I will retard the thrust lever/reduce power to idle， disengage A/T and use the maximum brakes.
  • Second, I will raise/extend the speedbrakes and ground spoilers.
  • Third, I will use maximum reverse thrust.
  • Meanwhile/at the same time, we will use rudder pedal to keep the directional control of the aircraft.
  • I will communicate further intentions to ATC

Lesson 12

  • What is ILS? What are the advantages of ILS?
  • The Instrument Landing System is ground-based radio navigation system giving pilots a lateral and vertical guidance towards the runway as they are in approach in IMC.
  • Under what situations will pilots make a missed approach? 

(根据以下要点自行组织语言，用完整句子回答）

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Lesson 13

  • What are the possible reasons for belly landing?
  • There are many possible reasons for belly landing.

首先，飞行员可能在着陆时忘记放下起落架。

  • First, the pilot may forget to extend the landing gear during landing.

其次，机械问题可能会阻碍飞行员放起落架。

  • Second, the mechanical problem may prevent the pilot from extending the landing gear.
  • What may be the consequences of belly landing?  （答案略）
  • How to make a successful belly landing?（措施）
  • If we have to make a belly landing, first, we will report our situation to ATC， and request emergency landing and emergency services such as foamed runway, fire services, medical services and so on.
  • Second, we will hold somewhere to burn fuel to reduce the weight of aircraft,reduce the landing speed of the aircraft and reduce the risk of fire upon landing.
  • We will execute emergency evacuation upon landing
  • What are the reasons for forced landing？(此处只是要点，请用完整的句子作答）
  • Total loss of electrical, hydraulic and engine power
  • Fuel emergency
  • The plane was hijacked/Hijackers may force pilots to land somewhere
  • Get lost/ disorientation
  • What may be the possible causes of diversion?
  • There are many situations in which we will divert.

首先，如果目的地的天气低于最低水平，我们必须改道到备降机场。

  • First, if the weather at the destination is below minima, we have to divert to our alternate airport.

第二，如果我们遇到机械故障，如电气故障，我们必须到最改航到合适的机场。

  • Second, if we encounter mechanical problem such as electrical failure, we have to divert to the nearest suitable airport.

第三，如果机上有医疗紧急情况，我们将转移到最近的合适机场。

  • Third, if there is medical emergency on board, we will divert to the nearest suitable airport.
  • If you have decided to make a diversion, what preparations do you need to make?
  • If we have decided to make a diversion, we will make some preparation for it.

首先，我们将向ATC报告我们的情况和意图，并请求改航到备降机场。

  • First, we will report our situation and intention to ATC and request divert to our alternate airport.

其次，我们将在备降机场获得天气信息和跑道状况。

  • Second, we will get the weather information and runway conditions of the alternate airport.

第三，我们将在飞行管理系统中更改飞行计划。

  • Third, we will change our flight plan in the FMS.

第四，我们将通过广播通知机组人员和乘客，我们将改航到备降机场。

  • Fourth, we will make a PA to inform the cabin crew and passengers that we will divert to our alternate airport.
  • When is it necessary to execute emergency evacuation?
  • There are many situations in which we will execute an emergency evacuation.

首先，如果机上发生火灾，如发动机起火、机舱起火、驾驶舱起火，我们将执行紧急疏散。

  • First, if there is fire on board such as engine fire, cabin fire, cockpit fire, we will execute emergency evacuation.

第二，如果机上有炸弹，我们将进行紧急疏散。

  • Second, if there is a bomb on board, we will carry out emergency evacuation.

第三，在迫降或腹部着陆等紧急着陆后，我们将进行紧急疏散。

  • Third, after emergency landing such as forced landing or belly landing, we will make emergency evacuation.
  • What are the procedures of executing emergency evacuation?

首先，我们将向ATC报告我们的意图，我们将执行紧急疏散。

  • First, we will report our intention to ATC that will we will execute emergency evacuation.

第二，我们将通过广播通知机组人员和乘客，我们将进行紧急疏散。

  • Second, we will make a PA to inform cabin crew and passengers that we will make emergency evacuation.

第三，我们将完成紧急疏散检查单。

  • Third, we will complete the emergency evacuation checklist.

第四，机组人员将打开紧急出口和紧急滑梯，引导乘客及时有序离开飞机。

  •  Fourth, the cabin crew will open the emergency exits and emergency slides and lead the passengers to leave the aircraft in time and in order.
  • We will be the last one to leave the aircraft.

Lesson 16

Thunderstorm:

  • How does a thunderstorm develop?
  • There are three stages to a thunderstorm:
  • Cumulus Stage
  • Mature Stage
  • Dissipating  Stage
  • Do you think thunderstorm is dangerous? Why?
  •  Have you ever flown into CB? Why is CB dangerous?

积雨云危险，因为积雨云经常伴随着雷击，大雨，大风和颠簸等。雷击可能导致飞机结构损坏，特别是电子设备；大雨可能导致发动机熄火；大雨可能导致发动机熄火；大风和颠簸可能导致飞机难以控制。

  • CB is dangerous because CB often goes with lightning, heavy rain, strong wind and severe turbulence.
  •  Lightning strike may cause structural damage to the aircraft, especially the electronic equipment.
  • Heavy rain may cause low visibility or engine flameout.
  • Strong wind and severe turbulence may cause the aircraft difficult to control.
  • if there is an indication of thunderstorm, what will you do?

如果前方有雷雨的迹象，我们将向空中交通管制报告情况并请求绕行。(go round)

  • If there is an indication of thunderstorm ahead of us, we will report the situation to ATC and request clearance to go round.

然后我们将改变路线。

  • Then we will change the course/route.

当我们没有雷雨时，我们将重新加入/返回计划路线。

  • When we are clear of thunderstorm, we will rejoin/return the planned route.
  • How pilots avoid thunderstorm?
  • Avoid all thunderstorms, never go closer than 5 miles to any visible storm cloud.
  • Do not attempt flight beneath [bɪˈniːθ] thunderstorms.
  • Reduce airspeed immediately  at the fist sign of turbulence.
  • Maintain a straight and level altitude on a heading to leave the storm area in the minimum time.
  • Icing:(积冰）
  • Have you experienced in-flight icing?
  • No, I have never encountered in-flight icing. But I know in-flight icing is dangerous, it may affect the performance of the aircraft, so we should avoid icing conditions during flight.
  • Why is icing a threat to flying/flight safety? //
  • Do you think in-flight icing is dangerous? Why? 
  • Icing is dangerous because it may affect the performance of the aircraft. First, it may increase the drag and decrease the lift. Second, it may cause damage to the aircraft and cause flight control problems. Third, it may cause engine problem such as engine flameout if ice builds up on the fan blades of engines.
  • Do you have any indication in the cockpit to show the airframe icing conditions? If not, how do you know that you are in icing conditions?
  • As I know, there is no indication of icing conditions in the cockpit. But we can check if there is ice on the windshield or wings. If there is ice on the windshield or wings, we are in icing condition. Besides, if icing occurs, the airspeed may be reduced and engine thrust may be reduced.
  • If ice accumulates on wings, what will you do?
  • If ice accumulates on wings, we will report the situation to ATC and request change the altitude to leave the icing areas. Then we will turn on the de-icing and anti-icing system.
  •  What will you do if you encounter icing condition during flight?

如果机翼上积冰，我们将向ATC报告情况，并要求改变高度以离开结冰区域。

  • If ice accumulates on wings, we will report the situation to ATC and request change the altitude to leave the icing areas.
  • Then we will turn on the de-icing and anti-icing system

wind shear

  • Do you think wind shear is dangerous to flight safety?
  • Wind shear is dangerous to flight safety. It may cause the aircraft to lose altitude and difficult to control.
  • How can pilots avoid the danger of wind shear?

如果我们在起飞时收到风切变警告，我们将保持对飞机的控制，并增加功率以离开风切变区域。  （add power）

  • If we got wind shear warning during takeoff, we would keep the control of the aircraft and add power to leave wind shear area.

如果我们在着陆时收到风切变警告，我们会立即复飞。（go around ）

  • If we got wind shear warning during landing, we would go around immediately.

turbulence

  • Do you think turbulence is dangerous to flight safety? Why?
  • Severe turbulence is dangerous. First, it may cause structural damage to the aircraft such as fuselage and wings. Second, it may cause the aircraft difficult to control. Third, the passengers may get injured during turbulence.
  • What would you do if you have passengers injured due to turbulence?
  • First, we will make a PA to find a doctor on board. Second, we will ask the flight attendants to offer first aid to him. Third, we will report our situation to ATC and request land at nearest suitable airport and medical services.
  • Why is clear air turbulence extremely dangerous?
  • Clear air turbulence is extremely dangerous. First, it can’t be detected before we fly into it. Second, it may cause structural damage to the aircraft such as fuselage and wings. Third, it may cause the aircraft difficult to control and the passengers to get injured.
  • How can pilots avoid the danger of turbulence during flight?
  • If we encounter turbulence, we will report the situation to ATC and request change the route/altitude to avoid the  turbulence. Then we will make a PA to inform the cabin crew and passengers to fasten their seatbelts.
  • What threat does clear air turbulence pose to flying/flight safety?
  • Clear air turbulence is extremely dangerous. First, it can’t be detected before we fly into it. Second, it may cause structural damage to the aircraft such as fuselage and wings. Third, it may cause the aircraft difficult to control and the passengers to get injured.
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